Black civic and cultural organizations
1761: Jupiter Hammon: First published Black male poet
1775: Darby Vassall: A lesson about equality
1776: Activist Black community forms in Boston
1784: Black Freemasons spur activism, advance abolitionist cause
1788: Massachusetts bans slave trade, expels "outsiders"
1794: Black churches become hubs of activism
1796: African American mutual aid group founded
1811: Lewis Hayden: Leading abolitionist, state politician
1826: New group fosters Black abolitionist movement
1830: Black groups expand free produce movement
1832: Regional anti-slavery society birthed in Boston
1837: First college for Black students founded
1846: "Father" of Underground Railroad helps free 800
1860: Ballot loss shows White hostility to voting rights
1860: Wide Awake: The movement that helps Lincoln win
1863: Abraham Galloway: Militant activist, Union spy, civil rights leader
1863: Anti-Black racism fuels deadly draft riots
1864: Gavel made from whipping post gifted to activists
