Black civic and cultural organizations

• 1761: Jupiter Hammon: First published Black male poet

• 1775: Darby Vassall: A lesson about equality

• 1776: Activist Black community forms in Boston

• 1784: Black Freemasons spur activism, advance abolitionist cause

• 1788: Massachusetts bans slave trades, expels "outsiders"

• 1794: Black churches become hubs of activism

• 1796: African American mutual aid group founded

• 1811: Lewis Hayden: Leading abolitionist, state politician

• 1826: New group fosters Black abolitionist movement

• 1830: Black groups expand free produce movement

• 1832: Regional anti-slavery society birthed in Boston

• 1837: First college for Black students founded

• 1846 "Father" of Underground Railroad helps free 800

• 1860: Ballot loss shows White hostility to voting rights

• 1860 Wide Awake: The movement that helps Lincoln win

• 1863: Abraham Galloway: Militant activist, Union spy, civil rights leader

• 1863 Anti-Black racism fuels deadly draft riots

• 1864: Gavel made from whipping post gifted to activists